當有兩(liang)(liang)種不(bu)同的導體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)半導體(ti)(ti)A和B組成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個回(hui)(hui)路,其兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)相(xiang)互連(lian)接時,只要兩(liang)(liang)結點處(chu)的溫度(du)不(bu)同,一(yi)(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)溫度(du)為(wei)T,稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)工(gong)作端(duan)(duan)(duan)或(huo)(huo)熱(re)(re)端(duan)(duan)(duan),另(ling)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)溫度(du)為(wei)T0 ,稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)自由端(duan)(duan)(duan)(也稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)參考(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan))或(huo)(huo)冷端(duan)(duan)(duan),回(hui)(hui)路中將產生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)個電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢,該電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢的方向和大小與導體(ti)(ti)的材料及(ji)兩(liang)(liang)接點的溫度(du)有關(guan)。這(zhe)種現象稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“熱(re)(re)電(dian)效應”,兩(liang)(liang)種導體(ti)(ti)組成(cheng)的回(hui)(hui)路稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶”,這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)種導體(ti)(ti)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“熱(re)(re)電(dian)極”,產生(sheng)的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢則稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“熱(re)(re)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢”
熱電動(dong)勢(shi)由兩(liang)部分電動(dong)勢(shi)組(zu)成,一部分是兩(liang)種導(dao)體的接觸電動(dong)勢(shi),另一部分是單一導(dao)體的溫差電動(dong)勢(shi)。
熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)回路中熱(re)電(dian)(dian)動勢的(de)大小,只與組成熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)導體材料和兩(liang)接(jie)點(dian)的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度有(you)關,而與熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)形狀(zhuang)尺寸無關。當熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)極材料固定(ding)后,熱(re)電(dian)(dian)動勢便是兩(liang)接(jie)點(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度t和t0。的(de)函(han)數差 [1] 。即
公(gong)式
公式
這一關系式在實(shi)際(ji)測(ce)溫中得到(dao)了(le)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。因為冷端(duan)(duan)(duan)t0恒(heng)定(ding),熱(re)電偶產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)熱(re)電動勢(shi)只隨熱(re)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(測(ce)量(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan))溫度的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化而變(bian)(bian)化,即一定(ding)的(de)(de)熱(re)電動勢(shi)對(dui)應(ying)著一定(ding)的(de)(de)溫度。我們只要用(yong)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)熱(re)電動勢(shi)的(de)(de)方法就可達到(dao)測(ce)溫的(de)(de)目的(de)(de) 。
熱(re)電偶測溫(wen)的基本原理是兩種不同成(cheng)份的材質(zhi)導體組(zu)成(cheng)閉合回(hui)路,
當兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)存(cun)在溫(wen)度(du)(du)梯度(du)(du)時(shi),回路中(zhong)就會有電(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過,此時(shi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)之間就存(cun)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢——熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢,這就是所謂的(de)塞貝克效應(Seebeck effect)。兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)不同成(cheng)份的(de)均質導體為(wei)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)極,溫(wen)度(du)(du)較高(gao)的(de)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)為(wei)工作端(duan),溫(wen)度(du)(du)較低的(de)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)為(wei)自由端(duan),自由端(duan)通(tong)常處于某個恒定的(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)下。根據熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢與溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)函數關系,制成(cheng)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)偶分度(du)(du)表;分度(du)(du)表是自由端(duan)溫(wen)度(du)(du)在0℃時(shi)的(de)條件下得(de)到(dao)的(de),不同的(de)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)偶具有不同的(de)分度(du)(du)表。
在熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)回路(lu)中接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)第三種金(jin)屬(shu)材(cai)料時(shi),只要該材(cai)料兩個(ge)接(jie)(jie)點的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)相同,熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)所產(chan)生的熱(re)電(dian)勢(shi)將保(bao)持不(bu)(bu)變,即不(bu)(bu)受第三種金(jin)屬(shu)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)回路(lu)中的影響。因此,在熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)測(ce)溫(wen)(wen)時(shi),可接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)測(ce)量(liang)儀表(biao),測(ce)得熱(re)電(dian)動勢(shi)后,即可知道(dao)被測(ce)介質的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)。熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)測(ce)量(liang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)時(shi)要求其冷(leng)端(duan)(duan)(測(ce)量(liang)端(duan)(duan)為(wei)熱(re)端(duan)(duan),通過引線(xian)與測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)路(lu)連接(jie)(jie)的端(duan)(duan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)冷(leng)端(duan)(duan))的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)保(bao)持不(bu)(bu)變,其熱(re)電(dian)勢(shi)大(da)小(xiao)才與測(ce)量(liang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)呈(cheng)一定的比例關系。若測(ce)量(liang)時(shi),冷(leng)端(duan)(duan)的(環境)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)變化(hua),將嚴重影響測(ce)量(liang)的準(zhun)確(que)性。在冷(leng)端(duan)(duan)采取(qu)一定措施補(bu)償(chang)由于(yu)冷(leng)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)變化(hua)造成的影響稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)的冷(leng)端(duan)(duan)補(bu)償(chang)正常。與測(ce)量(liang)儀表(biao)連接(jie)(jie)用(yong)專用(yong)補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)。
熱電(dian)偶冷端補(bu)償計算方法:
從毫(hao)伏(fu)到溫(wen)度:測(ce)量(liang)冷端溫(wen)度,換算(suan)為對應毫(hao)伏(fu)值,與熱電偶的毫(hao)伏(fu)值相加,換算(suan)出溫(wen)度;
從(cong)溫(wen)度(du)到(dao)毫伏(fu):測量出實際溫(wen)度(du)與冷端溫(wen)度(du),分(fen)別換算為毫伏(fu)值(zhi)(zhi),相減後得出毫伏(fu)值(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)得溫(wen)度(du)。